Why does honey never expire even after thousands of years?

Question

Accepted Answer

The Science of Eternal Honey

Honey remains edible indefinitely due to a unique chemical profile and the industrious efforts of honeybees. This natural phenomenon is driven by three specific factors:

Low Water Content: Honey is naturally hygroscopic, meaning it contains very little water. Most bacteria and microorganisms require moisture to survive, and honey's low water activity causes them to dehydrate and perish.
 High Acidity: With a pH level typically between 3 and 4.5, the acidity of honey is inhospitable for most spoilage-causing bacteria, creating a hostile environment for growth.
 Natural Hydrogen Peroxide: As bees process nectar, they introduce an enzyme called glucose oxidase. This enzyme breaks down into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide, which acts as a powerful antibacterial barrier.

Proper Storage Matters

While honey is essentially eternal, it must be kept in a sealed container. Because it absorbs moisture from the air, improper storage can lead to fermentation. If honey crystallizes over time—appearing cloudy or thick—it has not spoiled; this is a natural physical process that can be reversed by gently warming the jar in a bowl of warm water. Its composition ensures it remains a culinary marvel throughout human history.